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Johannes de Sacrobosco
Johannes de Sacrobosco, also written Ioannis de Sacro Bosco ( 1195 – 1256) was a scholar, monk, and astronomer who was a teacher at the University of Paris. He is notable for three things. First, he wrote a short introduction to the Hindu-Arabic numeral system which became the most widely read introduction to that subject in the later medieval centuries (to judge from the number of manuscript copies that survive today).〔〔 in ''The Hindu-Arabic Numerals'', by D.E. Smith and L.C. Karpinski, year 1911, pages 58-59 and 134-135.〕 Second, he wrote a short astronomy textbook, ''Tractatus de Sphaera'', which was widely read and influential in Europe during the later medieval centuries as an introduction to astronomy. Third, in his longest and most original book, written more than three centuries before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar, Sacrobosco correctly described the defects of the then-used Julian calendar and with a pretty good degree of precision he recommended what was essentially the Gregorian calendar.〔
Very little is known about the education and biography of Sacrobosco. For one thing, his year of death has been guessed at 1236, 1244 and 1256, each with plausibility and each with lack of adequate evidence.〔
==Place of birth==
The country in which he was born is uncertain. In year 1271 Robertus Anglicus stated that Sacrobosco was born in England.〔(Johannes de Sacrobosco ) biography by the University of Cambridge.〕 That could be true, yet there is neither good supporting nor good contradicting evidence for it. On the basis of the testimony of someone writing in year 1271, a birthplace in England can be taken as having more likelihood than other possibilities. Among other possibilities, several different tenuous efforts have been made to figure out his birthplace from his appellative ''de Sacrobosco''. Long after his death, Johannes de Sacrobosco was called and sometimes still is called by the name John of Holywood or John of Holybush, a name which was constructed by post-hoc reverse translation of the Latin ''sacro bosco'', where ''sacro'' = "holy" (sacred), and ''bosco'' = "wood". ''"Sacrobosco"'' as such is an unknown town or region. One traditional report, that he was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, is due to a 16th-century author, John Leland,〔Pedersen, "(In Quest of Sacrobosco )"〕 and was discredited by William Camden: Halifax means 'holy hair', not 'holy wood'.〔 Sacrobosco has been identified, by Thomas Dempster, with an Augustinian canon from Holywood Abbey, Nithsdale (in fact a Premonstratensian house); which would be a reason for imagining him to have been born in Scotland.〔〔(Johannes de Sacrobosco ) biography by the University of St. Andrews〕 He is also claimed by Holywood, County Down, this being based on a suggestion of Richard Stanihurst. However, Pederson attributes this assertion to Holywood being known to Stanihurst. Pederson's book mentioned that in 1639 James Ware assumed that the birthplace of Sacrobosco was near Dublin. Stanihurst and even Pederson were probably unaware that the seat of the Sacrobosco/Hollywood family in Ireland was in Artane, a suburb of Dublin ("The History of the County of Dublin" by John D'Alton published in 1838). Local historical records in Ireland seem to indicate that Sacrobosco was a member of the Artane Hollywoods and was born in Artane Castle.〔〔(Parish of Holywood )〕 A similar claim is made for Holywood, County Wicklow, though there is no known historical document which supports this.
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